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Computer Science 001
Introduction to Unix
September 1998
Part One
This allows a single Unix machine to support hundreds of people using it at the same time.
You Can:
<text>
%
(the prompt)
man(1)
man(1)
NAME
man - format and display the on-line
manual pages
manpath - determine user's search
path for man pages
SYNOPSIS
man [-acdfhkKtwW] [-m system]
[-p string] [-C config_file]
[-M path] [-P pager] [-S section_list]
[section] name ...
DESCRIPTION
man formats and displays
the on-line manual pages. This
version knows about the MANPATH
and (MAN)PAGER environment
variables, so you can have your
own set(s) of personal man
pages and choose whatever program
you like to display the
formatted pages. If
section is specified, man only looks
in that section of the manual.
You may also specify the
order to search the sections for
entries and which prepro-
cessors to run on
the source files via command line
options or environment
variables. If name contains a /
then it is first tried as a filename,
so that you can do
man ./foo.5 or even man /cd/foo/bar.1.gz.
OPTIONS
-C config_file
Specify the man.config file to use; the default is
/etc/man.config. (See man.config(5).)
-M path
Specify the list of directories to search for man
pages. If no such option is given, the environment
variable MANPATH is used. If no such environment
variable is found, the default list is found by
consulting /etc/man.config. An empty substring of
MANPATH denotes the default list.
-P pager
Specify which pager to use. This option overrides
the MANPAGER environment variable, which in turn
overrides the PAGER variable. By default, man uses
/usr/bin/less-is.
-S section_list
List is a colon separated list of manual sections
to search. This option overrides the MANSECT envi-
ronment variable.
-a By default,
man will exit after displaying the
first manual page it finds. Using this
option
forces man to display all the manual pages that
match name, not just the first.
-c Reformat
the source man page, even when an up-to-
date cat page exists. This can be meaningful if
the cat page was formatted for a screen with a dif-
ferent number of columns.
-d Don't
actually display the man pages, but do print
gobs of debugging information.
-D Both display and print debugging info.
-f Equivalent to whatis.
-h Print a one-line help message and exit.
-k Equivalent to apropos.
-K Search
for the specified string in *all* man pages.
Warning: this is probably very slow! It helps to
specify a section. (Just to give a rough idea, on
my machine this takes about a minute per 500 man
pages.)
-m system
Specify an alternate set of man pages to search
based on the system name given.
-p string
Specify the sequence of preprocessors to run before
nroff or troff. Not all installations will have a
full set of preprocessors. Some of the preproces-
sors and the letters used to designate them are:
eqn (e), grap (g), pic (p), tbl (t), vgrind (v),
refer (r). This option overrides the MANROFFSEQ
environment variable.
-t Use
/usr/bin/groff -Tps -mandoc to format the man-
ual page, passing the output to stdout. The output
from /usr/bin/groff -Tps -mandoc may need to be
passed through some filter or another before being
printed.
-w or --path
Don't actually display the man pages, but do print
the location(s) of the files that would be format-
ted or displayed. If no argument is given: display
(on stdout) the list of directories
that is
searched by man for man pages. If manpath is a link
to man, then "manpath" is equivalent
to "man
--path".
-W Like
-w, but print file names one per line, without
additional information. This is useful in shell
commands like man -aW man | xargs ls -l
CAT PAGES
Man will try to save the formatted
man pages, in order to
save formatting time the next
time these pages are needed.
Traditionally, formatted versions
of pages in DIR/manX are
saved in DIR/catX, but other
mappings from man dir to cat
dir can be specified in /etc/man.config.
No cat pages are
saved when the required cat directory
does not exist.
It is possible to make man
suid to a user man. Then, if a
cat directory has owner man and
mode 0755 (only writable
by man), and the cat files have
owner man and mode 0644 or
0444 (only writable by man, or
not writable at all), no
ordinary user can change
the cat pages or put other files
in the cat directory. If man is
not made suid, then a cat
directory should have
mode 0777 if all users should be
able to leave cat pages there.
The option -c forces reformatting
a page, even if a recent
cat page exists.
ENVIRONMENT
MANPATH
If MANPATH is set, its value is used as the path to
search for manual pages.
MANROFFSEQ
If MANROFFSEQ is set, its value is used to deter-
mine the set of preprocessors run before running
nroff or troff. By default, pages are
passed
through the table preprocessor before nroff.
MANSECT
If MANSECT is set, its value is used to determine
which manual sections to search.
MANWIDTH
If MANWIDTH is set, its value is used as the width
manpages should be displayed. Otherwise the pages
may be displayed over the whole width of
your
screen.
MANPAGER
If MANPAGER is set, its value is used as the name
of the program to use to display the man page. If
not, then PAGER is used. If that has
no value
either, /usr/bin/less -is is used.
LANG If LANG is set,
its value defines the name of the
subdirectory where man first looks for man pages.
Thus, the command `LANG=dk man 1 foo' will cause
man to look for the
foo man page in
.../dk/man1/foo.1, and if it cannot find such a
file, then in .../man1/foo.1, where ... is a direc-
tory on the search path.
NLSPATH, LC_MESSAGES, LANG
The environment variables NLSPATH and LC_MESSAGES
(or LANG when the latter does not exist) play a
role in locating the message catalog. (But
the
English messages are compiled in, and for English
no catalog is required.) Note that programs like
col(1) called by man also use e.g. LC_CTYPE.
PATH PATH is
used in the construction of the default
search path for man pages.
SYSTEM SYSTEM is used to get the
default alternate system
name (for use with the -m option).
SEE ALSO
apropos(1), whatis(1), less(1),
groff(1).
BUGS
The -t option
only works if a troff-like program is
installed.
If you see blinking \255 or <AD>
instead of hyphens, put
`LESSCHARSET=latin1' in your environment.
.....
From the network using rlogin/telnet
dutton@coral:ddd>chmod g+r test
dutton@coral:ddd>ls -l test
-rw-r----- 1 dutton staff
0 Aug 28 20:51 test
dutton@coral:ddd>chmod a+rw test
dutton@coral:ddd>ls -l test
-rw-rw-rw- 1 dutton staff
0 Aug 28 20:51 test
dutton@coral:ddd>chmod a-w test
dutton@coral:ddd>ls -l test
-r--r--r-- 1 dutton staff
0 Aug 28 20:51 test
dutton@coral:ddd>chmod 600 test
dutton@coral:ddd>ls -l test
-rw------- 1 dutton staff
0 Aug 28 20:51 test
dutton@coral:ddd>chmod 640 test
dutton@coral:ddd>ls -l test
-rw-r----- 1 dutton staff
0 Aug 28 20:51 test
dutton@coral:ddd>chmod 666 test
dutton@coral:ddd>ls -l test
-rw-rw-rw- 1 dutton staff
0 Aug 28 20:51 test
dutton@coral:ddd>chmod 444 test
dutton@coral:ddd>ls -l test
-r--r--r-- 1 dutton staff
0 Aug 28 20:51 test
NAME
rlogin - remote login
SYNOPSIS
rlogin [-8EKLdx] [-e char] [-k realm] [-l
username] host
DESCRIPTION
Rlogin starts a terminal session on a remote
host host.
NAME
chmod - change the permissions mode of a file
SYNOPSIS
chmod [ -fR ] <absolute-mode> file...
chmod [ -fR ] <symbolic-mode-list> file...
AVAILABILITY
SUNWcsu
DESCRIPTION
chmod changes or assigns the mode of a file.
The mode of a
file specifies its permissions
and other attributes. The
mode may be absolute or symbolic.
NAME
chgrp - change file group ownership
SYNOPSIS
chgrp [ -fhR ] group file
AVAILABILITY
SUNWcsu
DESCRIPTION
The chgrp utility will set the group ID of
the file named by
each file operand to
the group ID specified by the group
operand.
NAME
chown - change file ownership
SYNOPSIS
chown [ -fhR ] owner[:group] file...
AVAILABILITY
SUNWcsu
DESCRIPTION
The chown utility will set the user ID of
the file named by
each file to the user ID
specified by owner, and, option-
ally, will set the group ID to that specified
by group.
NAME
umask - get or set the file mode creation
mask
SYNOPSIS
/usr/bin/umask [ -S ] [ mask ]
sh
umask [ ooo ]
csh
umask [ ooo ]
ksh
umask [ -S ] [ mask ]
NAME
touch - change file access and modification
times
SYNOPSIS
touch [-acm] [-r ref_file] file...
touch [-acm] [-t time] file...
touch [-acm] [date_time] file...
AVAILABILITY
SUNWcsu
DESCRIPTION
touch sets the access and modification times
of each file.
file is created if it does not already exist.
NAME
cd, chdir, pushd, popd, dirs - change working
directory
SYNOPSIS
/usr/bin/cd [ directory ]
sh
cd [ argument ]
chdir [ argument ]
csh
cd [ dir ]
chdir [ dir ]
pushd [ +n | dir]
popd [ +n ]
dirs [ -l ]
ksh
cd [ arg ]
cd old new
NAME
head - display first few lines of files
SYNOPSIS
head [ -number | -n number ] [ filename...
]
AVAILABILITY
SUNWcsu
DESCRIPTION
The head utility copies the first number of
lines of each
filename to the standard output.
If no filename is given,
head copies lines from the standard
input. The default
value of number is 10 lines.
NAME
tail - deliver the last part of a file
SYNOPSIS
/usr/bin/tail [ + number [ lbcr ]] [ file
]
/usr/bin/tail [ -lbcr ] [ file ]
/usr/bin/tail [ + number [ lbcf ]] [ file
]
/usr/bin/tail [ -lbcf ] [ file ]
/usr/xpg4/bin/tail [ -f | -r ] [ -c number
| -n number ]
[ file ]
/usr/xpg4/bin/tail [ + number [ l | b | c
] [ f ]] [ file ]
/usr/xpg4/bin/tail [ + number [ l ] [ f |
r ]] [ file ]
AVAILABILITY
/usr/bin/tail
SUNWcsu
/usr/xpg4/bin/tail
SUNWxcu4
DESCRIPTION
The tail command copies the named file to
the standard out-
put beginning at a designated
place. If no file is named,
the standard input is used.
NAME
finger - display information about local and
remote users
SYNOPSIS
finger [ -bfhilmpqsw ] [ username...
]
finger [-l ] [ username@hostname1[@hostname2...@hostnamen]
... ]
finger [-l ] [ @hostname1[@hostname2...@hostnamen] ... ]
AVAILABILITY
SUNWcsu
DESCRIPTION
By default, the finger command displays in
multi-column for-
mat the following information about each logged-in
user
NAME
who - who is on the system
SYNOPSIS
/usr/bin/who [ -abdHlmpqrstTu ] [ file ]
/usr/bin/who -q [ -n x ] [ file ]
/usr/bin/who am i
/usr/bin/who am I
/usr/xpg4/bin/who [ -abdHlmpqrtTu ] [ file
]
/usr/xpg4/bin/who -q [ -n x ] [ file ]
/usr/xpg4/bin/who -s [ -bdHlmpqrtu ] [ file
]
/usr/xpg4/bin/who am i
/usr/xpg4/bin/who am I
AVAILABILITY
/usr/bin/who
SUNWcsu
/usr/xpg4/bin/who
SUNWxcu4
DESCRIPTION
The who command can list the user's
name, terminal line,
login time, elapsed time
since activity occurred on the
line, and the process-ID of the command interpreter
(shell)
for each current UNIX
system user. It examines the
/var/adm/utmp file to obtain its information.
If file is
given, that file (which must be in utmp(4)
format) is exam-
ined. Usually, file will be /var/adm/wtmp,
which contains a
history of all the logins since the file was
last created.
NAME
rwho - who's logged in on local machines
SYNOPSIS
rwho [ -a ]
AVAILABILITY
SUNWcsu
DESCRIPTION
The rwho command produces output similar to
who(1), but for
all machines on your
network. If no report has been
received from a machine for 5
minutes, rwho assumes the
machine is down, and does not report
users last known to be
logged into that machine.
If a user has not typed to the system for a
minute or more,
rwho reports this idle time. If a user
has not typed to the
system for an hour or more, the user
is omitted from the
output of rwho unless the -a flag is given.
NAME
ruptime - show host status of local machines
SYNOPSIS
ruptime [ -alrtu ]
AVAILABILITY
SUNWcsu
DESCRIPTION
ruptime gives a status line like uptime for
each machine on
the local network; these are formed
from packets broadcast
by each host on the network once a minute.
Machines for which no status report has been
received for 5
minutes are shown as being down.
Normally, the listing is sorted by host name,
but this order
can be changed by
specifying one of the options listed
below.
NAME
uptime - show how long the system has been
up
SYNOPSIS
uptime
AVAILABILITY
SUNWcsu
DESCRIPTION
The uptime command prints the current time,
the length of
time the system has been up, and the
average number of jobs
in the run queue over the last 1, 5 and 15
minutes. It is,
essentially, the first line of a w(1)
command.
NAME
du - summarize disk usage
SYNOPSIS
/usr/bin/du [ -adkr ] [ -s | -o ] [ file...
]
/usr/xpg4/bin/du [ -a | -s ] [ -krx ] [ file...
]
AVAILABILITY
/usr/bin/du
SUNWcsu
/usr/xpg4/bin/du
SUNWxcu4
DESCRIPTION
The du utility writes to standard output
the size of the
file space allocated to,
and the size of the file space
allocated to each subdirectory of, the file
hierarchy rooted
in each of the specified files.
The size of the file space
allocated to a file of type directory is defined
as the sum
total of space allocated to all files
in the file hierarchy
rooted in the directory plus the
space allocated to the
directory itself.
NAME
tar - create tape archives and add or extract
files
SYNOPSIS
tar c [bBefFhiloPvwX [ 0-7 ]] [ block ] [
tarfile ]
[ exclude-file
] { -I include-file |
-C directory
file | file } ...
tar r [ bBefFhilvw [ 0-7 ]] [ block ]
{ -I include-file
| -C directory file | file } ...
tar t [ BefFhilvX [ 0-7 ]] [ tarfile ]
[ exclude-file
] { -I include-file | file } ...
tar u [ bBefFhilvw [ 0-7 ]] [ block ] [ tarfile ] file ...
tar x [ BefFhilmopvwX [ 0-7 ]] [ tarfile ]
[ exclude-file
] [ file ... ]
AVAILABILITY
SUNWcsu
DESCRIPTION
The tar command archives and extracts files
to and from a
single file called a tarfile.
NAME
gzip, gunzip, zcat - compress or expand files
SYNOPSIS
gzip [ -acdfhlLnNrtvV19 ] [-S suffix] [ name
... ]
gunzip [ -acfhlLnNrtvV ] [-S suffix] [ name
... ]
zcat [ -fhLV ] [ name ... ]
DESCRIPTION
Gzip reduces the size of the named files
using Lempel-Ziv
coding (LZ77). Whenever possible,
each file is replaced by
one with the extension .gz, while keeping
the same ownership
modes, access and modification
times. (The default exten-
sion is -gz for VMS, z for MSDOS, OS/2 FAT,
Windows NT FAT
and Atari.) If no files are specified,
or if a file name is
"-", the standard input is compressed to the
standard out-
put. Gzip will only attempt to
compress regular files. In
particular, it will ignore symbolic links.
NAME
diff - display line-by-line differences
between pairs of
text files
SYNOPSIS
diff [ -bitw ] [ -c | -e | -f | -h | -n ]
file1 file2
diff [ -bitw ] [ -C number ] file1 file2
diff [ -bitw ] [ -D string ] file1 file2
diff [ -bitw ] [ -c | -e | -f | -h | -n ]
[ -l ] [ -r ]
[ -s ] [ -S
name ] directory1 directory2
AVAILABILITY
SUNWesu
DESCRIPTION
The diff utility will compare the
contents of file1 and
file2 and write to standard output a
list of changes neces-
sary to convert file1 into file2.
This list should be
minimal. No output will be produced
if the files are ident-
ical.
NAME
sort - sort, merge, or sequence check text
files
SYNOPSIS
/usr/bin/sort [ -cmu ] [ -o output ] [ -T
directory ]
[ -y [ kmem
]] [ -z recsz ] [ -dfiMnr ] [ - b ] [ -
t char ]
[ -k keydef
] [ +pos1 [ -pos2 ]] [ file...]
/usr/xpg4/bin/sort [ -cmu ] [ -o output ]
[ -T directory
] [ -y [ kmem ]] [ -z recsz ] [ - dfiMnr
] [ -b ] [ -t char ]
[ -k keydef
] [ +pos1 [ -pos2 ]] [ file...]
AVAILABILITY
/usr/bin/sort
SUNWesu
/usr/xpg4/bin/sort
SUNWxcu4
DESCRIPTION
The sort command sorts lines of all the named
files together
and writes the result on the standard output.
NAME
cut - cut out selected fields of each line
of a file
SYNOPSIS
cut -b list [ -n ] [ file ... ]
cut -c list [ file ... ]
cut -f list [ -d delim ] [ -s ] [ file ...
]
AVAILABILITY
SUNWcsu
DESCRIPTION
Use cut to cut out columns from a table or
fields from each
line of a file; in
data base parlance, it implements the
projection of a relation. The fields
as specified by list
can be fixed length, that
is, character positions as on a
punched card (-c option) or the length can
vary from line to
line and be marked with a field delimiter
character like TAB
(-f option). cut can be used as a filter.
NAME
ps - report process status
SYNOPSIS
ps [ -aAcdefjl ] [ -g grplist ] [ -n namelist
]
[[ -o format
] ... ] [ -p proclist ]
[ -s sidlist
] [ -t term ] [ -u uidlist ]
[ -U uidlist
] [ -G gidlist ]
AVAILABILITY
SUNWcsu
DESCRIPTION
The ps command prints information about
active processes.
Without options, ps prints information about
processes asso-
ciated with the controlling terminal.
The output contains
only the process ID, terminal identifier,
cumulative execu-
tion time, and the command name. Otherwise,
the information
that is displayed is controlled by the options.
OPTIONS
The following options are supported:
-a
Print information about all processes most
frequently requested: all those except pro-
cess group leaders and processes not associ-
ated with a terminal.
-A Write information for all processes.
-c
Print information in a format that reflects
scheduler properties as described
in
priocntl(1). The -c option affects the out-
put of the -f and -l options, as described
below.
-d
Print information about all processes except
session leaders.
-e
Print information about every process now
running.
-f
Generate a full listing. (See below for sig-
nificance of columns in a full listing.)
-g grplist List only
process data whose group leader's
ID number(s) appears in grplist. (A group
Example:
dutton@csa:dutton>ps -af
UID PID PPID C
STIME TTY TIME CMD
root 19109 18537 0 Aug 24 pts/0
0:00 su
root 19963 19109 0 Aug 24 pts/0
0:00 /usr/local/bin/less -eMq
root 19585 19355 0 15:24:34 pts/1
0:00 ps -af
royko 18554 18537 0 Aug 24 pts/0
0:01 xbiff
root 19962 19109 0 Aug 24 pts/0
0:00 nroff -man mwm.1
NAME
kill - terminate or signal processes
SYNOPSIS
/usr/bin/kill -s signal pid...
/usr/bin/kill -l [exit_status]
/usr/bin/kill [ -signal ] pid...
AVAILABILITY
SUNWcsu
DESCRIPTION
The kill utility sends a signal to the process
or processes
specified by each pid operand.
For each pid operand, the kill utility will
perform actions
equivalent to the kill(2) function called
with the following
arguments:
1.
The value of the pid operand will be used as the
pid argument.
2.
The sig argument is the value specified by the - s
option, or by SIGTERM, if none of these options is
specified.
The signaled process must belong to the current
user unless
the user is the super-user.
NAME
which - locate a command; display its pathname
or alias
SYNOPSIS
which [ filename ] ...
AVAILABILITY
SUNWcsu
DESCRIPTION
which takes a list of names and looks for
the files which
would be executed had these
names been given as commands.
Each argument is expanded if it is aliased,
and searched for
along the user's path. Both aliases
and path are taken from
the user's .cshrc file.
FILES
~/.cshrc
source of aliases and path values
/usr/bin/which
SEE ALSO
csh(1)
DIAGNOSTICS
A diagnostic is given for names which are
aliased to more
than a single word, or if an executable
file with the argu-
ment name was not found in the path.
NOTES
which is not a shell built-in command; it
is the UNIX com-
mand, /usr/bin/which
NAME
whereis - locate the binary, source, and manual
page files
for a command
SYNOPSIS
/usr/ucb/whereis [ -bmsu ] [ -
BMS directory... - f ]
filename...
AVAILABILITY
SUNWscpu
DESCRIPTION
whereis locates source/binary
and manuals sections for
specified files. The supplied
names are first stripped of
leading pathname components and any (single)
trailing exten-
sion of the form .ext,
for example, .c. Prefixes of s.
resulting from use of source code control
are also dealt
with. whereis then attempts
to locate the desired program
in a list of standard places: